Tumor necrosis factor alpha directly and indirectly regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation: role of colony-stimulating factor receptor modulation

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to both stimulate and inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in vitro, but its mechanisms of action are not known. We demonstrate that the direct effects of TNF-alpha on murine bone marrow progenitors are only inhibitory and mediated at least in part through downmodulation of colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-R) expression. The stimulatory effects of TNF-alpha are indirectly mediated through production of hematopoietic growth factors, which subsequently results in increased granulocyte-macrophage CSF and interleukin 3 receptor expression. In addition, the effects of TNF-alpha (stimulatory or inhibitory) are strictly dependent on the particular CSF stimulating growth as well as the concentration of TNF-alpha present in culture. A model is proposed to explain how TNF-alpha might directly and indirectly regulate HPC growth through modulation of CSF-R expression.